Back to the list of Leaders 'Anu and Bel called my name, Hammurabi, exalted prince, the reverent, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land.' 1750 BC) was the sixth king of Babylon, reigning from 1792 BC until his death, and is best known for unifying almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule and creating one of the first codes of laws in human. Civilization 6 Rule 34 11; Civilization 6 Rule 34 Go Go Tomago; Revised Effective January 1, 1989 With amendments effective through July 1, 2018. TABLE OF HEADNOTES. SCOPE OF RULES - ONE FORM OF ACTION. One Form of Action. COMMENCEMENT OF THE ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS. 1.2k votes, 20 comments. 1.4m members in the rule34 community. 'If it exists there is porn of it.

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Jadwiga is the leader for Poland in Civilization VI.

Opening[edit | edit source]

Pious Jadwiga, praise be to the glory of God, the earth, and Poland! Most holy King, you will show your people the truth and the light, and they will move beyond to spread the word to others. Protected by great winged warriors, you will rise to meet any challenge you face with a devout grace unmatched by any other.

Description[edit | edit source]

Jadwiga's Poland is a flexible power that has strengths in both the military and religious arenas. Don't settle too close to her cities for she can steal frontier tiles from you through her Forts or Encampments Culture Bomb.

Poland is a multi-faceted civilization that possesses strong military capabilities that can be re-purposed for other means. One of their Military Policy slot is converted to a Wildcard slot, allowing them to recruit a Great Prophet earlier than other civs and establish a Religion. In addition, creations of Forts and Encampments allow them to gain free tiles through their Culture Bomb ability. And with Jadwiga in charge, cities that lose tiles to Jadwiga also convert to her Religion. So even when Jadwiga plays militarily, perhaps choosing governments with Military policy slots and fortifying her frontier, Poland should still be very strong on the religious and economic fronts.

Brief history[edit | edit source]

Jadwiga reigned as the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland from 1384 until her death in 1399. She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, and his wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia. Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, but she was even more closely related to the native Piast dynasty of Poland through her ancestors. She was canonized as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church in 1997.

Her marriage to William of Habsburg was planned in 1375 and she lived in Austria between 1378 and 1380. Jadwiga and William were allegedly regarded as her father's favored successors in Hungary after her eldest sister's death in 1379, since the Polish noblemen had paid homage to Louis' second daughter, Mary, and Mary's fiancé, Sigismund of Luxemburg that same year. However, Louis died and Mary was crowned 'King of Hungary' on the demand of her mother in 1382. Sigismund of Luxemburg tried to seize Poland, but the Polish noblemen countered that they would only obey a daughter of King Louis if she settled in their country. The elderly Queen Elizabeth then nominated Jadwiga to reign in Poland, but did not send her to Kraków to be crowned. During the interregnum, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, became a candidate for the Polish throne. The nobles of Greater Poland especially favored him, proposing he marry Jadwiga. However, the noblemen of Lesser Poland opposed his election and persuaded Queen Elizabeth to send Jadwiga to Poland.

Historical context[edit | edit source]

In late 14th century Poland, there was little expectation for the king's third daughter to do much beyond secure her country's future through a marriage alliance. Yet in her short life, the devout Jadwiga would rule all of Poland. Selfless and canny, she sought to bring disparate peoples together through a common (and comprehensible) faith.Jadwiga was born in 1373 to Elizabeth of Bosnia and Louis I, King of Hungary and Poland. Raised at the royal residences in Buda and Visegrad, Jadwiga was well-educated, fluent in five languages, and embarrassingly pious. When Louis's death in 1382 led to a succession crisis, Elizabeth sent young Jadwiga to Krakow to end it. Beloved by the Polish people for her kindness, endorsed by the Catholic church for her faith, and condoned by the stiff-necked Polish nobility for her affability, 11-year-old princess Jadwiga found herself crowned king of Greater Poland in 1384.

The new Polish king to rule in perilous times. A fistful of Casimir's more tenuous descendants still had claims to the throne. Worse, Poland was threatened by Germanic states and the rulers of Muscovy, as well as possible invasion by the Mongols and Tartars. To shore up allies and safeguard Poland's future, Jadwiga agreed to marry Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania—provided he (and his subjects) converted from paganism to Catholicism.

Thus, in 1386 Jadwiga wed the newly baptized Jogaila, who promptly took the name Wladyslaw II to make his rule palatable to the patriotic Poles. Wladyslaw was hastily crowned King jure uxoris (Latin for “by right of his wife”), two days before Lithuania was invaded by the Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (in simpler terms, the Teutonic Knights). They claimed they sought to regain lands lost to Casimir—but really, any land would do.

The young king was instrumental in turning Lithuania from its pagan ways. She had a number of meetings with “Princes of the Church” concerning conversion and instructing the Lithuanians in their new faith. Wladyslaw was instrumental in this as well; it is said that he even cut down trees in the “sacred” groves of his homeland with his own hands. Jadwiga sponsored an annual scholarship for twenty Lithuanians to study at Prague's Charles University so they could return to strengthen the faith in their homeland. And she founded a bishopric in Vilnius, that hotbed of sin.

Jadwiga and Wladyslaw made a surprisingly effective team of co-rulers. During Jadwiga's diplomatic mission to meet the Master of the Teutonic Knights, her piety was said to so shame him for his order's greed and bloodthirstiness that they temporarily ceased their depredations. She also reconciled Wladyslaw with his cousin Witold, who sought to take the Lithuanian throne. In 1387 AD, Jadwiga led two military expeditions to reclaim lands in Ruthenia that had been claimed by Hungary. Although not much fighting occurred, Jadwiga's efforts ended with the province's return to Poland and Petru I of Moldavia paying homage to the Polish monarchs.

Being somewhat more polished than most of her subjects, Jadwiga also sought to enlighten them to the finer things. Jadwiga was a patron to many Polish artists and authors. Among her most notable contributions to the culture of Poland was the restoration of the Krakow Academy. She donated much of her personal jewelry to finance the school, which enrolled students in astronomy, law, and theology. Jadwiga also advocated for a wider comprehension of faith, and had the Bible translated from Latin into Polish vernacular.

Jadwiga's reign ended early. In 1399 she gave birth to her firstborn, a daughter—but within a month both mother and child were dead of complications from the delivery. Though Jadwiga lived only 25 years, she had been king for over half her life. By solidifying ties with Lithuania, she secured the future of both nations. Her co-ruler Wladyslaw managed to rule over Poland and Lithuania for another 35 years.

Jadwiga was barely in her sarcophagus in Wawel Cathedral before her subjects began to venerate her holiness. Stories of Jadwiga's sanctity spread across the land, as well as miracles attributed to her. In one, the figure of Christ on a black crucifix spoke to her as she prayed. In another, she gave a piece of jewelry to a poor stonemason; when she left, her footprint remained behind in the hardened plaster floor. In yet another, a coppersmith's son drowned while Jadwiga was part of a nearby Corpus Christi procession—she was said to restore his life by throwing her mantle over the boy. These three reported miracles were enough for the Catholic Church to canonize her as a saint in 1997.

Notes[edit | edit source]

Trivia[edit | edit source]

Media[edit | edit source]

In Re National Contract Poultry Growers, 771 So. 2d 466 (Ala. 2000)

Supreme Court of Alabama

Supreme Court of Alabama.

Kimberly J. Calametti of Gardner, Middlebrooks, Fleming, Gibbons & Kittrell, P.C., Mobile, for National Contract Poultry Growers' Association.

Robert H. Harris of Harris, Caddell & Shanks, P.C., Decatur; and Kenneth T. Fuller, M. Dale Marsh, and M. Chad Tindol of Cassady, Fuller & Marsh, L.L.P., Enterprise, for ConAgra, Inc.

BROWN, Justice.

The National Contract Poultry Growers' Association ('NCPGA') appeals from an order finding it in contempt for its failure to respond to a nonparty subpoena issued at the request of ConAgra, Inc., a defendant in an action pending in the Coffee Circuit Court. We reverse and remand.

On February 27, 1996, a group of poultry growers sued ConAgra, Inc.; one of its subsidiaries, ConAgra Poultry Company; and a number of ConAgra employees, alleging that the defendants had engaged in discriminatory business practices. During the discovery phase of that case, ConAgra requested that the trial court issue a nonparty subpoena to NCPGA for the production of documents.

NCPGA is a corporation organized under the laws of Arkansas, with its principal place of business in Rushton, Louisiana. NCPGA has no office in Alabama, and it is not qualified to do business in Alabama. NCPGA does have an affiliated state organization, the Alabama Contract Poultry Growers' Association. NCPGA's contacts with Alabama are limited to communication with the state association and the fact that a number of its dues-paying members live in Alabama. A number of these members *467 are plaintiffs in the lawsuit pending in the Coffee Circuit Court. The subpoena was served by certified mail on NCPGA at its office in Rushton, Louisiana. The subpoena sought the production of documents kept by NCPGA at that office. NCPGA did not respond to the subpoena.

Because NCPGA did not respond to the subpoena, ConAgra filed a motion to compel production. The motion to compel was served on NCPGA by certified mail at its Rushton, Louisiana, office. The circuit court held a hearing on ConAgra's motion to compel; however, NCPGA did not appear for the hearing. Following the hearing, the trial court entered an order directing NCPGA to comply with the subpoena. This order was also served on NCPGA by certified mail at its principal place of business in Rushton, Louisiana.

On July 27, 1998, NCPGA filed a motion for a reconsideration of the court's order of compulsion. The trial court denied that motion on September 24, 1998. On the advice of counsel, NCPGA did not produce the documents sought by the nonparty subpoena.

On December 23, 1998, ConAgra filed a motion requesting that NCPGA be required to show cause why it should not be held in contempt. A hearing was set on that motion. NCPGA, through counsel, argued that the trial court lacked the jurisdiction to issue, as well as to enforce, a subpoena directed to a nonparty located outside the State of Alabama. In an order dated January 28, 1999, the trial court rejected NCPGA's argument, stating:

'[T]he said National Association appeared, through counsel, and presented arguments by which it contended that the National Association is not subject to the force of a subpoena issued by this Court but served outside the State of Alabama. The Court is unpersuaded by such argument since it appears to the Court, and is conceded by the National Association that: (1) It is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Louisiana [sic]; (2) it does business in the State of Alabama where it solicits members from whom it solicits and collects dues; and (3) it is not qualified to do business in the State of Alabama and does not have an agent within the State of Alabama authorized to accept service of process. The Court considers that, under these circumstances and upon a consideration of Section 232, Constitution of Alabama, § 10-2B-15.10(b), Code of Alabama 1975, Rule 4(c)(6), and Rule 34, [Ala.R.Civ.P.], the National Association was effectively served with the subject subpoena and that its obedience to that subpoena may be enforced within the State of Alabama. It further appears to the Court that the National Contract Poultry Growers' Association has not shown any cause why it should not be [found] in contempt of this Court by failing to respond to the subject subpoena by producing the records therein described and required to be produced....'

Concluding that NCPGA was in contempt, the trial court ordered it to produce the documents requested by the subpoena and to pay ConAgra's counsel $1,000 for expenses and fees incurred in seeking enforcement of the subpoena. Additionally, the court ordered that until such time as NCPGA purged itself of the contempt, it was forbidden from conducting any business activity in Alabama, including, but not limited to: (1) soliciting or accepting any new members of NCPGA; (2) collecting dues from any current NCPGA members; (3) conducting any NCPGA meetings; (4) communicating in any way with any NCPGA members; and (5) communicating or conducting any kind of business with its corresponding Alabama association. This appeal followed.

NCPGA argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to issue and enforce a subpoena directed to a nonparty located outside the State of Alabama. Although technically it is not a party to this appeal, ConAgra has filed a brief in support of its contention that NCPGA was properly *468 served with the subpoena. The gist of ConAgra's argument appears to be that because NCPGA solicits members from Alabama and accepts dues from Alabama poultry growers, it does business in Alabama and has therefore subjected itself to the jurisdiction of Alabama courts. As a foreign corporation doing business in Alabama, ConAgra claims, NCPGA was required to obtain a certificate of authority from the secretary of state. See § 10-215.01, Ala.Code 1975. ConAgra further contends that because NCPGA had no registered agent in Alabama, § 10-2B-15.10, Ala.Code 1975, authorized service as provided for in the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure.^[1]

Rule 34(c), Ala.R.Civ.P., provides that '[a] person not a party to the action may be compelled to produce documents and things or to submit to an inspection as provided in Rule 45,' Ala.R.Civ.P. Rule 45 governs the issuance of subpoenas in civil actions. That rule reads, in pertinent part:

'(b) Service.

'(1) A subpoena may be served by the sheriff, a deputy sheriff, or by any other person who is not a party and is not less than eighteen (18) years of age. Service of a subpoena upon a person named therein shall be made by delivering a copy thereof to such person or by leaving a copy at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein and, if the person's attendance at a place more than 100 miles from the person's residence is commanded, by tendering to that person the fees for one day's attendance and an amount to reimburse the mileage allowed by law. Prior notice of intent to secure the issuance of a subpoena to command production of documents and things or inspection of premises before trial under the procedure set forth in subparagraph (a)(3) of this rule shall be served on each party in the manner prescribed by Rule 5(b).

Civilization 6 Rule 34 Online

'(2) Subject to the provisions of clause (ii) of subparagraph (c)(3)(A) of this rule, a subpoena may be served at any place within the state.

'. . . .

'(c) Protection of Persons Subject to Subpoenas.

'. . . .

'(3)(A) On timely motion, the court by which a subpoena was issued shall quash or modify the subpoena if it

'(i) fails to allow reasonable time for compliance;

'(ii) requires a resident of this state who is not a party or an officer of a party to travel to a place more than one hundred (100) miles from the place where that person resides, is employed or regularly transacts business in person, or requires a nonresident of this state Who is not a party or an officer of a party to travel to a place within this state more than one hundred (100) miles from the place of service or, where separate from the place of service, more than one hundred (100) miles from the place where that person is employed or regularly transacts business in person, except that, subject to the provisions of *469 clause (c)(3)(B)(iii) of this rule, such a person may in order to attend trial be commanded to travel from any such place within the state in which the trial is held....'

The fact that NCPGA may have sufficient contacts with the State of Alabama to subject it to the jurisdiction of the Alabama courts under the Alabama long-arm personal-jurisdiction provisions is irrelevant to the question presented in this case. However, a finding that NCPGA is subject to the personal jurisdiction of Alabama courts would not necessarily mean that it was obligated to respond to a subpoena by having to appear and produce documents in an Alabama court in a lawsuit to which it is not a party. The underlying concepts of personal jurisdiction and subpoena power are entirely different. Personal jurisdiction is based on conduct that subjects the nonresident to the power of the Alabama courts to adjudicate its rights and obligations in a legal dispute. For example, a foreign corporation that qualifies to do business in Alabama subjects itself to the jurisdiction of an Alabama court, even if it is not a party to a lawsuit. Ex parte Nissei Sangyo America, Ltd.,577So. 2d912, 914-15 (Ala.1991). By contrast, the subpoena power of an Alabama court over an individual or a corporation that is not a party to a lawsuit is based on the power and authority of the court to compel the attendance of a person at a deposition or the production of documents by a person or entity. See Ex parte Leverton,536So. 2d41, 44 (Ala.1988) (state trial court does not have jurisdiction over a nonparty, out-of-state witness).

When one seeks a subpoena to secure the attendance of a witness, or to procure the production of documents, located outside the state, a different procedure is warranted. Although we find no Alabama decision addressing this specific situation, one commentator has stated the applicable procedure:

'Process beyond the jurisdiction of the courts to which these rules apply must depend upon the existence of a rule or statute in the other state or country which makes available compulsory process to foreign litigants who desire to return to their home state for trial with the fruits of discovery thus obtained. For our rule extending this courtesy to foreign litigants who need discovery in Alabama for actions pending outside of Alabama, see Rule 28(c) which makes our Rule 45 available.'

1 Champ Lyons, Jr., Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure Annotated § 45.2 (3d ed.1996). This procedure accords with the procedure used in other jurisdictions to secure the issuance of a subpoena for the attendance of a person, or the production of documents from a nonparty, located outside the state's boundaries. See, e.g., Craft v. Chopra,907P.2d1109, 1111 (Okla. App.1995); Phillips Petroleum Co. v. OKC Ltd. Partnership,634So. 2d1186, 1189 (La.1994); In re Special Investigation No. 219, 52 Md.App. 17, 24-25, 445A.2d1081, 1085-86 (1982).

ConAgra sought to subpoena documents in the possession of NCPGA, documents located in Louisiana. Therefore, the subpoena had to be issued by a Louisiana court and had to be served in accordance with Louisiana law. Louisiana law provides:

'A subpoena shall be served and a return thereon made in the same manner and with the same effect as a service of and return on a citation. When a party is summoned as a witness, service of the subpoena may be made by personal service on the witness' attorney of record.'

Art. 1355, La.Code. Civ. Proc. Ann. (West 1984). Article 1261, La.Code. Civ. Proc. Ann., governs service on domestic and foreign corporations. That article requires personal service on the corporation's designated agent, or, in the absence of a designated agent, personal service on any officer, director, resident agent, or an 'employee of suitable age and discretion.' *470 Service by certified mail is allowed only when a subpoena that has been personally served is ordered reissued because of a continuance. Art. 1355.1, La.Code. Civ. Proc. Ann.

For the reasons stated above, the trial court lacked the authority to issue a subpoena directed to NCPGA. Accordingly, NCPGA cannot be held in contempt for failing to respond to that subpoena. The judgment of the trial court holding NCPGA in contempt of court is reversed and this cause is remanded.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

HOOPER, C.J., and HOUSTON, SEE, and ENGLAND, JJ., concur.

NOTES

[1] Section 10-2B-15.10, Ala.Code 1975, entitled 'Service on foreign corporation,' states:

'(a) The registered agent of a foreign corporation authorized to transact business in this state is the corporation's agent for service of process, notice, or demand required or permitted by law to be served on the foreign corporation.

'(b) A foreign corporation may be served as provided by the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure if the foreign corporation:

Civilization 6 Rule 34 Map

'(1) Has no registered agent or its registered agent cannot be with reasonable diligence served;

'(2) Has withdrawn from transacting business in this state under Section 10-215.20; or

Civilization 6 Rule 34 Game

'(3) Has had its certificate of authority revoked under Section 10-2B-15.31.

Civilization 6 Rule 34 Youtube

'(c) This section does not prescribe the only means, or necessarily the required means, of serving a foreign corporation.'