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This item: Europe in the Twentieth Century by Robert O. Paxton Paperback $105.50 Only 8 left in stock - order soon. Sold by ayvax and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. Paxton, Robert O., Europe in the Twentieth Century, 3rd ed., Fort Worth. This book list for those who looking for to read and enjoy the The Anatomy Of Fascism, you can read or download Pdf/ePub books and don't forget to give credit to the trailblazing authors.
Reading for this week:
•Paxton and Hessler, Europe in the Twentieth Century, Chapters 1, 2
Emmeline Pankhurst,My Own Story (1914), excerpt
F. T. Marinetti, 'Manifesto of Futurism' (1909)
IMPERIAL EUROPE
AT ITS HEIGHT
Paxton’s Crystal Palace. Download as PDF, TXT or read online. EUROPE NORTH AMERICA WORLD The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in. List of World War II puppet states. Paxton is professor of history emeritus at Columbia University. Hello Select your address Gift Cards Best Sellers Mobiles Today's Deals New Releases Electronics Computers Customer Service Best Sellers Mobiles.
INTRODUCTION: ON THE EDGE OF THE ABYSS
I. WHY DIDN’T THEY SEE IT COMING? THE HUNDRED YEARS’ PEACE, 1815-1914
II. A QUICK TOUR OF THE GREAT POWERS
III. LIBERAL VISIONS
IV. DISSATISFIED CHALLENGERS
V. NATIONALISM AS A DISPUPTIVE FORCE
VI. REBELLIOUS ARTISTS (AND ANXIOUS LIBERALS)
World War I (“The Great War”) 1914-1918
World War II 1939-1945
defeat of Napoleon (1814/15)
mid-19th century wars (1854-1871--national unification of Germany, Italy
revolutions of 1848
reasons why Europeans didn't see the catastrophes ahead:
1. historical expectations: the 'hundred years' peace,' 1815-1914
2. diplomacy: defensive alliances (which then become entagling alliances)
3. self-confidence about European superiority
(and perhaps 4: some wanted war; they underestimated what it would mean)
pre-1914 alliance systems:
Triple Entente (Great Britain - France – Russian Empire)
Triple Alliance (German Empire – Austro-Hungarian Empire - Italy)
Ottoman Empire
Europe's 'Great Powers' and European alliances on the eve of WWI:
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_26_586.gif
'The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, in such quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep; he could at the same moment and by the same means adventure his wealth in the natural resources and new enterprises of any quarter of the world, and share, without exertion or even trouble, in their prospective fruits and advantages…But most important of all, he regarded this state of affairs as normal, certain, and permanent, and any deviation from it as aberrant, scandalous, and avoidable.' [emphasis added]
--John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1920)
Africa in 1914: European colonies and spheres of influence
This is one way to understand what Keynes is saying about Europeans' feelings of superiority and an ability to command the resources of the world:
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_25_575.gif
The Great Powers
1. Great Britain 2. Germany 3. France 4. Austria-Hungary 5. Russia
you should begin to learn the distinctive features of each of these states (or regions of Europe, since the land empires will collapse by the end of WWI)
note: all are empires, some are also nation-states
some have overseas colonial empires, others are European land empires
liberalism
“classical,” or 18th-19th century liberalism
the twentieth century as the crisis of liberalism
•definition: the good of the individual is the highest good in society.
consequence: social and political arrangements should be made to promote that good and be judged by their ability to do so.
•underlying assumption: an optimistic belief in the power of human reason to understand the world and promote individual flourishing and social progress.
• policy consequences:
1. for politics: limited government (civil liberties, constitutions, parliamentary government)
2. for economics: laissez-faire capitalism (free, self-regulating market)
3. for society and culture: belief in education and the public sphere (press, voluntary associations)
4. for knowledge: modern science as a progressive force
Note: nineteenth-century liberals disagreed among themselves about political democracy
1890-1914 as the first wave of globalization (reread the Keynes quote above)
Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (1910): a guarded case for liberal optimism
1. wars of conquest are futile and self-defeating
2. economic interdependence makes prolonged war impossible
bottom line: militarism is obsolete
World colonial holdings, ca. 1900
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_25_578.gif
Dissatisfied Challengers
•democrats
(but what is democracy? and what is needed to secure it? a recurring theme in this course)
•socialists (especially Social Democratic parties and Labour party in GB)
•right-wing populists (proto-fascist, localized and sporadic)
•feminists: see Emmeline Pankhurst,My Own Story (1914)
•emigrants (massive out-migration from southern and eastern Europe)
•dissatisfied nationalities (e.g. Irish, Poles, Czechs, and Serbs--see below)
Socialism (or Social Democracy)
Second International (association of Socialist parties)
SPD: German Social Democratic Party / 1912 electoral turning point
'scientific socialism' (Marx and Engels):
goals: 1. end capitalist exploitation of workers; 2. create a planned economy based on social ownership of the means of production; 3. solidarity among workers
means: subject of an ongoing debate among socialists
class struggle? revolution? or evolutionary socialism though gradual political and economic gains?
note that there are also non-Marxist forms of socialism--syndicalism and anarchism
Right-wing populism ('proto-fascist' movements)
before WWI, local and temporary movements (contrast w/socialism)
characteristics:
1. intense nationalism
2. motivated by ethnic rivalry and hostility ('backlash'--e.g. pan-Germanism)
3. anti-Semitic rhetoric and appeal
4. authoritarian political solutions
5. but a rebellious tone and disruptive tactics
6. support: lower middle class
Feminism
first-wave feminism: equal political, legal, civil rights
socialist feminism (problems of working-class women)
e.g. Great Britain: WPSU (Women's Social and Political Union)--
Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia Pankhurst
Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton County
Nationalism
two big questions about nationalism:
1. Why was nationalism such a powerful and dangerous force in the first half of the twentieth century? What were its effects?
2. Why does nationalism seem to have declined in Europe since the middle of the century?
elements of modern nationalism
1. nationality = belief in an identity, defined by culture (language, traditions, ethnicity) or by “race”
2. statehood = belief that a nationality has the right to political self-determination in a nation-state
3. territory = belief in the right of the nation state to control a territory that includes (all?) the members of the nationality
4. identification = intense personal identification with and loyalty to the national group and/or the nation-state (sacrifice/die/kill)
5. rivalry = does all this imply conflict among nation-states?
Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton Pdf
Nationalism as a disruptive force on the eve of World War I:
1. as fuel for “Great Power” rivalries:
a. France vs. Germany (revenge for Franco-Prussian war?)
b. Austria-Hungary vs. Russia (expansion into Balkans in southeastern Europe w/collapse of Ottoman empire's power)
c. Great Britain vs. Germany (control of seas, arms race)
2. as the cause of unsatisfied nationalities: for example,
•Irish (part of United Kingdom)
•Poles (divided among German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires)
•Czechs (inside Austro-Hungarian empire, but without the self-determination rights of Hungarians)
•Serbs (have their own nation-state, but ethnic Serbs live in other, bordering states, esp. Bosnia)
and many others
map: linguistic groups in Austria-Hungary:
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH535.jpg
Italian Futurists / avant-garde artists
see F. T. Marinetti, 'Manifesto of Futurism' (1909)
Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton Smith
as a response to theories of social and 'racial' degeneration
Umberto Boccioni, 'Unique Forms in Space' (1913)
Marinetti, MANIFESTO OF FUTURISM (1909)
We intend to sing the love of danger, the habit of energy and fearlessness.
Courage, audacity, and revolt will be essential elements of our poetry.
Up to now literature has exalted a pensive immobility, ecstasy, and sleep. We intend to exalt aggresive action, a feverish insomnia, the racer’s stride, the mortal leap, the punch and the slap.
We affirm that the world’s magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed. A racing car whose hood is adorned with great pipes, like serpents of explosive breath—a roaring car that seems to ride on grapeshot is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace.
We want to hymn the man at the wheel, who hurls the lance of his spirit across the Earth, along the circle of its orbit.
The poet must spend himself with ardor, splendor, and generosity, to swell the enthusiastic fervor of the primordial elements.
Except in struggle, there is no more beauty. No work without an aggressive character can be a masterpiece. Poetry must be conceived as a violent attack on unknown forces, to reduce and prostrate them before man.
We stand on the last promontory of the centuries!… Why should we look back, when what we want is to break down the mysterious doors of the Impossible? Time and Space died yesterday. We already live in the absolute, because we have created eternal, omnipresent speed.
We will glorify war—the world’s only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman.
We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice.
We will sing of great crowds excited by work, by pleasure, and by riot; we will sing of the multicolored, polyphonic tides of revolution in the modern capitals; we will sing of the vibrant nightly fervor of arsenals and shipyards blazing with violent electric moons; greedy railway stations that devour smoke-plumed serpents; factories hung on clouds by the crooked lines of their smoke; bridges that stride the rivers like giant gymnasts, flashing in the sun with a glitter of knives; adventurous steamers that sniff the horizon; deep-chested locomotives whose wheels paw the tracks like the hooves of enormous steel horses bridled by tubing; and the sleek flight of planes whose propellers chatter in the wind like banners and seem to cheer like an enthusiastic crowd.
_____________________________
anxious liberals
Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism
modernity as an 'iron cage' devoid of meaning and values
the rationalization of the modern world
Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton Jones
Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams
psychoanalysis / the unconscious / sexuality
Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton Hall
| by Robert O. Paxton
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▼Tags ▼LibraryThing Recommendations None Sign up for LibraryThing to find out whether you'll like this book. No current Talk conversations about this book. This book was required reading for my 20th Century European History course as part of my university degree program. I should start off by saying my knowledge of history is truly horrible. The subject didn’t interest me at all when I was young, and I paid as little attention as possible. But I’m a lot older now (I’m a returning student, not a traditional college-aged student), and I enjoyed the opportunity to remedy some of my ignorance. There were both good things and bad things about this book. I liked the way the book went into detail about the various events. It didn’t just say “this happened and then that happened”. It explained things from the perspectives of all of the major players involved so that I could better understand why things happened the way they did. For me, that was what made it really interesting – understanding how and why things happened. The authors also highlighted turning points, and even engaged in some speculation as to what might have happened if different paths were taken. As with any textbook there were parts that I found dry and boring, but I was more interested in what I was reading than I had hoped to be. However, I had some real trouble with the organization of the material. The book jumped back and forth in time a lot. It often focused on one geographic area and/or topic and described events that happened over several years, and then it moved to a new area/topic and went back in time. The problem is that events were usually pretty intertwined. Things discussed in one section were often relevant to things discussed in other sections from the same time period. By splitting them up, I had trouble keeping track of the context of events and I had to do quite a bit of re-reading to keep track of what was happening when and how it was all connected. The time hopping happened constantly throughout the book, and in many different forms. It happened between chapters, within chapters, and even within section breaks. One simple example of what I’m talking about occurred in Chapter 17. On page 492, the Common Market is being discussed. We’re told that it helped improve peace in Western Europe and, as an example of that improved peace, we’re told that German NATO troops were training on French soil in the mid-1960’s without creating any sort of a stir. Then, a little bit later on the same page, we switch to a topic that covers NATO and we’re back in 1948. So, on the very next page, the French are upset because a separate German army was being recreated. This organization style also meant that terms, concepts, and people were sometimes introduced well before the sections where they were discussed in depth. I was constantly doing double takes and skimming back over previously-read material to try to understand apparent contradictions. And sometimes, the dates just weren’t mentioned that clearly. We also skipped around a bit with our assigned chapters in my class, although we did eventually read the entire book, so that exacerbated the problem. But there was plenty of confusion to be had for me within single chapters. I can understand the purpose of focusing on one topic or region at a time. Europe is a large continent and there were lots of things going on, so it would surely be equally confusing if the authors had tried to present the entire history in precise chronological order. But I do think many of the topics were split out more than necessary and would have flowed better if discussed in chronological order within a single section. Another thing that might have helped would have been chapter timelines listing the major events discussed in the chapter in chronological order, with perhaps a higher-level timeline at the front of the book to help with keeping track of the big picture. Of course, if I’d had a better foundation in history to begin with, I might have been able to follow the book more easily. ( ) YouKneeK | Dec 7, 2014 | ▼Published reviews ▼Common Knowledge
References to this work on external resources. Wikipedia in English (2)Paxton (Columbia U.) updated this fourth edition of his undergraduate-level survey textbook to trace the causes of the most significant events in Europe in the twentieth century, including changes in social, economic and political systems as well as the effects of war, revolution, and violent extremism. In twenty-three chapters Paxton analyzes the No library descriptions found. ▼LibraryThing members' description
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